Overview

A computer program for the analysis of Fire Sprinkler and Hydrant Systems

• Contents
  The Help for the program is sub-divided into the following Topics:

  • Getting Started
  • Main Screen
  • Data Screens
  • The GRID Screens
  • Viewing the Calculation
  • Internal Pipe Diameters
  • Fitting Equivalent Length
  • Tips and FAQ.

• Purpose and Application of the Programs This program was originally developed by Municipal Hydraulics in Canada but is now owned and maintained by ACADS-BSG Pty Ltd in Melbourne Australia. It is called SPRINK-1000 in the USA and Canada and called HYENA in Australia and other locations mainly because of the different pipe materials and sprinkler codes used. The program may be used to analyse and cost automatic fire sprinkler systems with a simple end, side or center fed configuration or more complicated looped and gridded systems. It may also be used to analyse fire hydrant and hose reel installations or combined sprinkler, hydrant and/or hose reel systems or indeed any hydraulic system handling water where the discharges can be expressed as a k factor.
  HYDRANT is a cut down cheaper version of the program that is restricted to only one discharge with a k Factor but any number of fixed discharges and hence is designed for analysing hydrant systems only. It does not include the GRID or XPAN capability but does provide for estimating quantities for Costing.
  With a given sized network the program performs a complete hydraulic analysis determining the water flow in, and pressure drop through, each pipe in the network taking account of all fittings entered by the user. The user may provide for outflow from the network through operating sprinkler heads, hose or hose reel nozzles or standpipes (constant discharge points). With the facility to allow for outflow from standpipes the program can also be used for the static hydraulic analysis of open circuit piping networks other than sprinkler or hydrant systems. For example, given the demands at any given point in time the program can be used to hydraulically analyse domestic water supply systems. Another example of its use is in the analysis of irrigation systems. The program cannot however be used to undertake a dynamic analysis.

• AutoHYENA
  The computer programs AutoHYENA is a separate program that provides an interface between HYENA and AutoCAD®. It enables the user to enter the data graphically in centerline diagram form and from this produce the ASCII text input data file required by the main calculation program. The program is an alternative to the WINDOWS data entry program in HYENA. After analysing the network, AutoHYENA will then convert the center line diagram into a final drawing inserting the users own drawing symbols for sprinklers, hydrants, hose reels, etc. AutoHYENA must be separately licensed. It requires a full version of AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT can be run in a program called Toolkit which may be obtained from DRCAuto in Sydney.

• Warranties
  ACADS-BSG, nor any of it's employees or it's agents makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the documentation or function or performance of the programs. The responsibility for the accuracy and validity of all conclusions drawn from the use of the program or the documentation rests with the user.

• Features of the program
  The main features of the program are:

  • The program is capable of analysing looped and gridded systems as well as the more conventional tree configurations

  • The calculations are very efficient and fast because:

    • The hydraulic analysis is carried out using Newton's method for solving a system of simultaneous non-linear equations for the whole piping network. This is a much more accurate method of analysis than the Hardy-Cross method which applies Newton's method to the solution of a non-linear equation in one unknown for each individual loop or node;
    • The analysis is oriented towards loops rather than nodes and this reduces the number of equations to be solved and hence reduces computer-processing time:
    • Piping loops are automatically numbered within the program so that a positive definite banded symmetric matrix is produce thereby reducing computer memory requirements and processing time considerably.

  • The program is WINDOWS based and data entry is fast and efficient with range and consistency checks invoked during data entry.

  • For a standard gridded system, the program is capable of generating the whole network with just a few input entries via a series of "GRID" Screens. Furthermore, a "remote region" calculation can be carried out and a printer plot is produced for the grid.

  • An option is available to automatically number pipes as they are entered.

  • When the GRID feature is used the pipes and nodes are automatically numbered.

  • The program can be used to carry out a sprinkler system analysis in accordance with NFPA, AS2118 (Australia), NZS4541 (New Zealand), SSCP52 (Singapore) or GB50084 (China) using the Hazen Williams formula for water filled systems or the Darcy Weisbach formula for systems filled with other than water.

  • The program can be used to carry out an analysis of sprinkler misting systems in accordance with NFPA750 or AS4587 (Australia) using the Hazen Williams or Darcy Weisbach formula.

  • The program can be used to carry out an analysis of hydrant systems (with or without hoses) or hose reel systems (with or without hoses) using the Hazen-Williams pressure loss formulae.

  • The program can work in a range of units including British or US Imperial and Metric.

  • Provision is made for copying pipes of the same length with the same fittings, and for setting default values for sprinklers, nozzles and reference nodes. Data for these latter components can also be edited collectively. This, along with a number of other features, makes the preparation of input data even on very large jobs relatively quick and easy.

  • Internal pipe diameters are stored in the program for a range of piping materials complying with a range of pipe codes including Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and American, the user only having to nominate the appropriate pipe material and the nominal pipe sizes. The user can also enter internal pipe sizes directly and enter and store, for future use, additional pipe materials and the associated internal diameters.

  • A wide range of fittings are provided for with equivalent lengths stored in the program. A facility is also provided for the user to enter his own equivalent lengths and identify these "special" fittings in the results. The user can also enter and store for future use additional fittings and the associated equivalent lengths for each pipe diameter.

  • Check valve action is catered for so that if water is flowing back-wards through a pipe containing a check valve that pipe is deleted from the analysis

  • Back flow preventers and booster pumps can be included with their flow vs pressure characteristic.

  • The program can be used to determine the design point (required flow and head at the input point to the system) given the sprinkler heads or hose and hose reel nozzles discharging and the minimum discharge. Alternatively a pump characteristic, water supply characteristic or a fixed pressure can be entered and the program will then determine the water flow from the discharging heads or nozzles and the operating point on the entered water supply pressure-head curve.

  • Velocity pressure can be accounted for in the calculations if required.

  • The program calculates the total volume of the pipes in the system for use in designing dry pipe systems.

  • The program determines quantities in terms of length of pipes, number of fittings and number of sprinklers/nozzles to assist with the preparation of a budget cost estimate.

  • Graphs are provided throughout to provide visual checks on the input and to assist in entering data.

  • Input points can be specified with a Fixed input pressure, a linear or polynomial curve for a pumps at the input, a linear or a curve with pressure proportional to flow to the power 1.85 to represent a water supply.

  • The results including graphs for input points, backflow preventers and booster pumps, can be selectively viewed and printed

• Limitations of the program
  The major limitations of the program are:

  • Although the program can be used to analyse hydraulic networks for other than sprinkler systems or hydrant and hose reel installations, however it can only perform a static analysis
  • The size of network that can be handled by the program is limited to-
  • 3300 pipes
  • 3300 nodes
  • 1100 operating sprinkler heads,Hydrants and/or hose or hose reel nozzles
  • 20 pumps at input points and 20 booster pumps
  • The number of loops times the bandwidth of the matrix is limited to 256,000 (these two values are printed in the results) These limits in practice impose very little restriction on the designer and quite large and complex systems can be analysed

• Preparatory Information
  Before entering the input data in the various screens, it is advisable to prepare a sketch of the piping network and assign node numbers to all the pipes to be analysed. Pipe numbers can also be annotated however the program has an option to automatically number pipes if required by the user. The following information should also be prepared:

  • The nominal sizes (unless special piping materials are to be used in which case internal diameters are used) for all pipes in the network
  • A list of all valves, tees, bends and other fittings in each pipe in the network together with the size of these fittings.
  • The sprinkler heads and hose and hose reel nozzles that are to be regarded as operating and the minimum discharge rate and K factor for each, or for a hydrant system the flow at the hydrants and the pressure at the most remote hydrant.
  • Details of the water supply or the pump supplying water to the system (unless the flow and head required by the system is required to be determined).
  • Details of any booster pumps in the network.
  • Details of any back flow preventers in the network.
  • The elevation of all points in the network.

Water flow from any standpipes or other out-flow points in the network are entered as constant and fixed flows at specified reference nodes.

It is only necessary to enter those pipes which carry water to the nodes in the system that are discharging. Thus, branch lines with no discharging sprinklers on them or hose or hose reel nozzles that are not discharging are usually not entered because they do not contribute to the flow. When the system is gridded however, those parts of any branch lines which form part of the grid should be included. The simplest rule is that if a path from the supply to any discharge point passes along a given pipe, that pipe should be included.

The network is specified by a series of nodes with interconnecting pipes. For hydrant or hose reel systems the actual hose can be entered if required and included in the analysis. In this situation the hose is entered as a pipe. Normally however the hose is not entered and the hydrant or hose reel is modeled as a nozzle with a specified k factor at the connection point.

Each node is assigned a unique number between 1 and 9999 by the designer. A node for the purpose of specifying the network is defined as all points in the network where:

(a) three or more pipes come together or

(b) two or more pipes of different size or material come together or

(c) a discharging sprinkler head is located or

(d) a discharging hose or hose reel nozzle is located or

(e) an input point is located or

(f) there is a constant discharge, i.e. a stand pipe or hydrant

The piping connecting any two of these nodes is, for the purposes of calculation, considered as a single pipe even if it comprises more than one section of pipe. They are each assigned a "pipe number" either by the designer or if desired, automatically by the program and are henceforth referred to as "pipes". The length of these pipes is the total length of all the pipe sections which it comprises.

To use the program to analyse a particular system the relevant information must now be entered into the various screens and a data input text file in the format required by the calculation program generated.

To get the feel for how the data is entered before learning all the details it is suggested that the first time user loads one of the sample input data sets provided and calls up each of the screens and views the data.

About

• This displays information about the copy of the program on this computer including:
  • The version number of the program.
  • A contact for technical support and other queries on the program.
  • The name of the organization that has licensed this copy of the program.
  • The Disk Serial Number for the unlocking string for the program The 'New' button allows entry of a new unlocking string if the original one expires or is deleted.

Add a New Pipe

• This takes the cursor to the last row in the pipes table ready to add a new pipe.
• If Auto Numbering is on, the new pipe will be numbered the next pipe number available (Plus one increment minus one) once any item of pipe data is entered.
• Clicking the down arrow on the keyboard when the cursor is on the last row performs the same function.

Add Button

• This adds a new line (set of pipes) in Main Pipes and Ranges and Trees or a new line in the Elevations Screen.

Add Sprinklers/Nozzles

• Selecting this button brings up a form where the user can add a sequential group of Sprinklers/Nozzles. It does not apply to Discharges.
• The items of input In the Dialogue box are:
  • From Node - the first node in the sequence of sprinklers/nozzles.
  • To Node - the last node in the sequence of sprinklers/nozzles.
  • Type - Sprinkler or Nozzle
  • Elevation
  • Minimum Flow
  • K Factor

Additional Length

This adds a new line (set of pipes) in Main Pipes and Ranges and Trees or a new line in the Elevations Screen.

Altitude

• This is the altitude above sea level in the units of elevation, of the water level in the tank. The altitude is used in the calculation of NPSH from:

• NPSH =The pressure at the input point minus the total pressure drop (static plus friction loss) on the suction side of the pump plus atmospheric pressure minus the vapour pressure. This is the Available NPSH. The atmospheric pressure is the atmospheric pressure at the nominated altitude above sea level (101 kPa) minus 0.0104 kPa for every 1 meter altitude above sea level.

• The pump is assumed to be at the downstream end of the pipe and all the fittings in the pipe are assumed to be on the suction side of the pump. If there are valves etc on the downstream pipe they must be entered in the next downstream pipe.

Auto pipe numbering and Increment

• Checking this check box causes the program to automatically number new pipe as they are entered.

• The next pipe number is taken from the last number entered. The increment allows the numbering to jump in steps. e.g. with an increment of 2. If the last pipe number entered is say 26, entering a node number or any other pipe information for a new pipe will create a new pipe numbered 28.

• If once this pipe is created another pipe is added it's number will be 30. If now the user edits this pipe number and changes it to say 200, the next pipe number will be 202.

Benchmark Adjustment

• In the program the zero elevation can be at any position. For example the zero elevation can be at ground level, the level of the input point or any other point. All entered elevations are then relative to this chosen zero elevation point.

• The Benchmark Adjustment is an adjustment (in units of metres or feet) to all the elevations in the results to convert the entered input values to, for example, RL levels (which may not be known at the initial design stage).

BKFP Graph

• This is a graph for each Back Flow Preventer showing the entered input data and the calculated operating point annotated.

• The items on the Tool bar are:

  • Copies the graph to the clipboard to enable pasting to another document.
  • Saves the graph as a bitmap.
  • Help on this screen
  • V lines inserts vertical lines on the chart
  • H lines inserts horizontal lines on the graph
  • Pipe No - a pull down list to enable selection of the required back flow preventer to be displayed.
  • Margin - This increases or decreases the margin around the graph Selecting Apply inserts the graph in the results. Cancel returns to the Viewing and Printing results screen without inserting the graph.

Booster Pump Flow/Pressure

• If this radio button is selected, the program calculates the minimum required flow and pressure of the operating point of a booster pump located in the nominated pipe number. The calculated pressure includes any nominated “Margin” This is required by most sprinkler Codes, typically 50kPa or 10 %

• The units for the Margin can be selected as Pressure or Percent.

• The pipe number is only required if there is more than one Booster pump in the system OR if there is no booster pump already entered.

• The program calculates the required minimum flow and pressure of the entered booster pump (in the nominated pipe if there is more than already entered) or a booster pump in the nominated pipe.

Booster Pumps & B.F.Preventers

• On this screen, Booster Pumps and/or Back Flow Preventers may be entered. Booster Pumps and Back Flow Preventers are entered "in a pipe". A Back Flow Preventer is a double check detector assembly, or a reduced pressure detector assembly.

• For Booster pumps and Back Flow Preventers, water is always assumed to flow from node A to node B (as entered on the Pipes Tab Page). This is very important as it is the one time that the order of the nodes is relevant and if entered incorrectly, wildly erroneous results can be produced.

Booster Pumps

• The items of input for booster pumps are:
• Pipe Number
• Pump - a selection for Booster Pump
• Curve/Linear
• Flow 1, Pressure 1, Flow 2, Pressure 2,........Flow n, Pressure n

Backup File with REMOTE

When a REMOTE area is selected on the Operating Sprinklers Tab Page, the program will find the REMOTE area and, on successfully completing the calculations:

Update the current input data file with the new location for the operating sprinklers (without REMOTE) and

Load this revised data into the program so that the sprinkler locations determined by REMOTE will appear in the Operating Sprinklers Tab Page.

The user, can if required, save the original file with REMOTE in it (with a different name) by selecting Yes on this form.

Calculate

• Performs the hydraulic calculations. The data must first be saved to a data (ASCII text) file using SAVE or SAVE AS. For the results file the program displays a file selection dialogue box in which the default file name is the input data file name with an extension of .OUT On completion of the calculations, the program drops into the View Calculations Screen where the results can be Viewed and/or Printed.

• When on the Operating Sprinklers Tab Page an area is selected in which the operating sprinklers are to be moved to determine the most REMOTE operating position, the program will, on successfully completing the calculations:

  • Update the current input data file with the new location for the operating sprinklers (without the area to check for most REMOTE nominated) and

  • Load this revised data into the program so that the sprinkler locations determined by REMOTE will appear in the Operating Sprinklers Tab Page.

• With REMOTE, when Calculate is selected the program first prompts for the user to enter the results file name then a form will appear where the user, can if required, elect to save the original file with the REMOTE details in it (with a different name). By default the file name is FileName_Back.dat

Calculate Discharge Flows for Given Input

If the user wishes to calculate the discharge flows for a given input at each discharging sprinkler, nozzle or sprinkler head for a given (existing) water supply pressure or pump at the input point, Discharge Flows for given input is selected. The entered values of flow at each discharging sprinkler, nozzle and hydrant, are then only used in evaluating the first estimate of the flow throughout the network. The discharge quantities printed in the results will be dependent on the network configuration and the entered input pressure and may be above or below the user's entered values in the input data nominated for each discharge.

Calculate Input Point Flow/Pressure

If the user wishes to calculate the required flow and pressure at the input point to the system such that the water flow at each discharging nozzle or sprinkler is not less than the minimum specified quantity, Calculate Input Flow/Pressure is selected. The entered discharge at each sprinkler, nozzle and hydrant is then the minimum design quantity and the entered pressure at the input point (either as a constant pressure or a characteristic curve) is only used in evaluating the first estimate of the flow throughout the network.

Category

• This is to restrict the user defined pipe material to be included in Mist and other specific systems and to control which equivalent lengths to use. The categories are:

  • Copper – included in the pipe material selection list for all sprinkler codes including Mist systems
  • SSPipe – included in the pipe material selection list for all sprinkler codes including Mist systems but not Domestic systems
  • PVC – with this pipe category the fittings are restricted to the PVC/CPVC fittings for which equivalent lengths are stored in the program (PE, P3, PH, P2) and user defined fittings. They are excluded from GRIDS and Mist systems
  • Other – included in the pipe material selection list for all sprinkler codes except Mist systems.

• The User defined Stainless Steel Tubing are all available for Mist systems.

• Any User defined HDPE pipe materials are not included in the pipe material selection list for Mist systems.

Check Valve Operation

• A check valve is a special fitting in that if the user elects to invoke check valve action the program checks if water is flowing backwards through the pipe in which the check valve is located. If so the pipe is removed from the calculation.

• Therefore, if Check Valve Operation is selected, the check valve must be placed in the first pipe leading away from an input point and the node numbers must be in the direction of flow. Check valve operation is normally only used when there is more than one input point.

• Care should be taken in using this option as inappropriate location of the check valve can cause a disconnected network, because the program deletes the pipe in which the check valve is located.

• The check valves that the check valve operation is applied to when selected are:

  • KC and JC in copper pipes for Mist systems
  • DC, XC and MC for Domestic systems
  • PSWCH, PWDCH and PLIFT in HDPE pipes
  • SSTC In Stainless Steel Tubing
  • CV in all other pipes
  • Back Flow Preventers always prevent reverse flow

Clear

Clears all entered fittings for this pipe.

Clear Grid

Completely clears the current GRID and any associated data.

**Close

This button closes the current screen and moves back to the next screen back.

Column Number Bottom Left

The column number of the bottom left hand corner of the rectangle containing a set of operating sprinklers.

Column Number Top Right

The column number of the top right hand corner of the rectangle containing a set of operating sprinklers.

Combined Pipe/ Node Report

• This report combines information from the pipe and node characteristics. It is a simpler report that may be more useful in making presentations to approving authorities, clients, etc.

• It includes all of the information in the PIPES CHARACTERISTICS REPORT except that the Roughness Coefficient, Water Velocity and Velocity Pressure are replaced by:

• PRESSURE AT FIRST NODE

  • The Pressure at the first node for this pipe.

• PRESSURE AT SECOND NODE

  • The Pressure at the second node for this pipe.

• Legend

  • A legend of all fittings used in the network, including User Fittings, is printed at the end of the report with a description of each fitting. The legend also lists any User Pipes that have been used.

Combined Pipe/Node Characteristics Report

See Combined Pipe Node Report

Comments

When this button is selected, a form appears in which the user can enter comments or notes relative to the project or program run. These comments appear on the front page of the results.

Commercial/Domestic

• A selection between Commercial and Domestic (or NFPA13D for NFPA) for the fitting equivalent lengths to be used.

• For NZ4541, GB50084 and SSCP52 Domestic is not available because these Codes only have fitting equivalent lengths for Commercial fittings.

Compare

This allows the user to compare the results between two runs. When the check box is checked, an open file button appears to allow the second file to be opened.

Configuration - Set Defaults

• This screen allows the user to Set default values for a range of items for any new project. Each time a user opens a new project these values will be inserted by default in the respective fields. This data is stored permanently and will apply to any new project opened.

• The items for which defaults can be set are:

  • Pipe Material
  • H.W.Coefficient
  • Units - Metric, US or British Imperial
  • Length
  • Diameter
  • Pressure
  • Flow
  • Elevation

• Once selections are made the Apply button is clicked and then these defaults will be saved and used whenever a new project is opened.

Configuration - System

• In this screen the user can set the general configuration under which the program operates including:

  • The default Path for the Users Input Data Files
  • The default Path for the Users Output (Results) Files Above the selection for the Output Files is a radio button: image\ebx2048742289.gif Same as Input image\ebx-2003485962.gif Select

• If Same as Input is checked the path for the Output file will be the same as the Input file.

• If Select is checked a different path can be chosen.

  • Titles – these are prefixes or labels for the four header lines that are printed at the top of each page in the results and for the two additional lines that are printed in the face page in the results.
  • Default Sprinkler Code for fitting equivalent lengths - NFPA, AS2118, NZ4541 or SSCP52, for new projects. This can be changed for the current Project in the Project Tab Page.
  • The Number of Lines per Page in the results printout

Copy Chart

This copies the chart on screen to the clip board - for inserting into other documents.

Copy Pipe Data

This copies the data for a pipe where the cursor is currently located, into the clip board. The data copied is the length, diameter, pipe material and diameter, the H&W coefficient and the fittings. The pipe number and node numbers are not copied.

Cost Quantities

• This report lists the following quantities from the sprinkler system that has been entered:

  • the total length of each pipe by size for each pipe material type
  • the total number of each fitting type by size for each pipe material type
  • the total number of sprinklers and nozzles by k factor

• This is designed to assist users with preparing a budget estimate for a given project or for estimating the cost of various alternative design proposals.

• In many instances when doing a hydraulic analysis, the user may not have entered all the pipes and/or sprinklers. In such cases this costing information can only be used to cost differences between different layouts, etc. If however the GRID method is used often most or even all the pipes will be entered. Similarly if AutoHYENA is used then it is likely that the complete sprinkler system will have been entered.

• The costing results do not include rates however an Excel button is provided to enable the User to export the costing quantities and insert the costing rates.

Curve/Linear

A selection for:

• LINEAR signifies linear interpolation with a series of points on a curve of pressure vs flow (obtained from the supplier of the pump).

• CURVE signifies a series of coefficients are to be calculated from the entered values of flow and pressure for a polynomial fit to the points. At least eight points must be entered. This is a slightly more accurate method of describing the curve than the LINEAR method.

• The polynomial takes the form:

  p = a + bq + cq2 + dq3 + eq4

where

q is the flow and

a, b, c, d and e are the coefficients which are displayed on the screen and inserted in the input data file for use in the calculations.

d1 - distance 1

The length of the left hand sloping side, i.e. the distance along the pipe, not the horizontal distance.

d2 - distance 2

The length of the right hand sloping side, i.e. the distance along the pipe, not the horizontal distance.

Darcy Weisbach Details

In this part of the results additional information for the Darcy Weisbach calculations is displayed.

The existing HW based algorithms are still used in the calculations. On successive iterations a HW coefficient is calculated such that the straight pipe friction head loss using the HW coefficient gives the same friction loss as that given by the Darcy Weisbach formula. In effect the solution for each pipe is found where the HW equation intersects the Darcy Weisbach equation hence giving a result which is correct for the DW. For each iteration, the fitting equivalent lengths are corrected for the revised HW coefficient. In the results the equivalent Hazen & Williams coefficient is listed together with the Reynolds Number for the calculation of the friction factor

DATA

This takes the user into the Input Data Screens where the data is entered via a series of tab pages:

• Project
• Pipes
• Discharges (Sprinklers/Nozzles & Fixed Discharges)
• Input Points
• Reference Nodes
• Booster and BKFP (Booster Pumps and Back Flow Preventers)
• Grid On the Grid Tab Page there is another set of Tab Pages:
• Select
• Main Pipes
• Ranges & Trees
• Operating Sprinklers
• Elevations
• Display Numbering

For the purposes of defining the network, the system is broken up into a series of 'nodes' with interconnecting 'pipes' . A node for the purpose of specifying the network is defined as all points where:

• Three or more pipes intersect.
• Two or more pipes of different size or material join together.
• A discharging sprinkler is located.
• A discharging hose or hose reel is located.
• An input point is located.
• Aconstant discharge or hydrant is located.

The first tab page provides for entry of general project information. The next five tab pages provide for the general purpose (long hand form) of inputting pipes, input points & pumps, sprinklers & nozzles and reference nodes. In the GRID tab pages a quick and easy method of inputting data for any part of the system that is a regular GRID is provided. Even simple tree networks can be entered this way and users are advised to use these GRID Screens wherever possible to save input data preparation time.

Default Elbow and Tee

This sets the default for the Elbow/Bend and 90 deg Tee on the Pipes screen when the pipe material is HDPE or when for a Mist system the pipe material is copper. The defaults for all other pipe materials are:

Material	Elbow	Tee
Steel and Stainless Steel	SE	TT
Copper (Commercial)	SE	TT
Copper (Domestic AS2118)	ME	MT
Copper (Domestic NFPA13D)	DS	D2
Cast Iron (Flanged or Socketed)	E1	T1
CPCV	P1	P2
Stainless Steel Tube	SSE	STT

For User Defined pipes there are no defaults, all fittings for these pipes must be entered under Other Fittings

Defaults Discharges

These are fields above some of the columns in the tabular input that allow the user to set or select default values. When entered these values apply to all fields in the particular column below that are blank. For a description of the particular field, move the cursor to one of the rows in the column required and hit F1.

For k factor default does not apply to Nozzles. For a list of typical values refer k factor.

Defaults Pipes

These are fields above some of the columns in the tabular input that allow the user to set or select default values. When entered these values apply to all fields in the particular column below that are blank. For a description of the particular field, move the cursor to one of the rows in the column required and hit F1

Delete

This button allows for the deletion of a pipe (row) including all the entered values of length. diameter, etc. When selected a Delete Pipe confirmation form appears on screen.

Delta distance

The distance between the previous node and the current node. This is the spacings entered on the Ranges and Trees Tab Page.

Density

The density of the fluid in the sprinkler system. Typical values for water in kg/m3 are:

Temperature °C
	5	10	15	20	25	30	35
Water	999.9	999.7	999.0	998.2	997.4	995.9	994.5
Sea Water	1028.4	1028.0	1026.9	1025.8	1024.8	1023.0	1021.3

Typical values in lb/ft3 are:

Temperature °F
	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Water	62.42	62.40	62.36	62.29	62.21	62.11	61.99
Sea Water	64.20	64.17	64.10	64.02	63.95	63.80	63.70

Source - U.S.Coast Guard - Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS)

Design Data

The five items - Occupancy (Classification), Density, Total Area (Protected), Coverage (per sprinkler) and Orifice Size are design data that the user can enter. None of this data is used in the calculations but is displayed on a face page in the results.

Discharge

The flow from the fixed discharge (to allow for standpipes, connections to other systems, etc.)

Discharges Tab Page

• On this tab page the details of all operating sprinklers/nozzles, hydrants/standpipe or fixed discharges that are to be entered in the long hand form are entered.

The buttons on the Tool Bar for this page are

• Close - exits this screen
• Show Errors
• Deletes the current line of Sprinkler/Nozzle or Fixed Discharge data
• Add a sequential group of Sprinklers/Nozzles - does not apply to Discharges nor adding single sprinklers/nozzles. Note when display is All, single Sprinklers or Nozzles can be added by going to the last line which will be blank ready for input.
• ? Help on the current tab page.
• Display Sprinklers & Nozzles – All or Compressed:
  • Display Sprinklers & Nozzles: A radio button to allow the sprinklers and nozzles to be displayed one per line (All) or in groups (Compressed) with the same characteristics; Node n to Node m (including all nodes with sequential numbers between).
  • Note that to save time editing, data values can be changed whilst in compressed mode and then all sprinklers or nozzles from Node n to Node m will be changed.

Sprinklers/Nozzles

• The items that are entered for each sprinkler/nozzle are:

  • Node No. (when display is All): The node number (between 1 and 9999) of the sprinkler or nozzle.

  • From Node No., To Node No. (when display is Compressed): The first and last node number of a sequential group of sprinklers or nozzles with exactly the same characteristics.

  • Type - Sprinkler or Nozzle

  • Elevation: The elevation of the node above or below a given datum in units as specified in the Project Tab Page. If left blank in the Sprinkler and Nozzles, Hydrants/Standpipes or Reference nodes data, the program assumes the default value above the column heading.

  • Minimum Flow: The required flow of the sprinkler in units of flow as specified in the Project Tab Page. If Calculate Input OR Booster Pump Flow and Pressure is being used it is the minimum flow. If it is Calculate Discharge Flows for Given Input, it may be adjusted up or down depending on the entered pressure at the input point(s). If left blank, the program assumes the default above the column heading.

  • k Factor

  • Pressure Exponent

    • Sprinklers and spray nozzles are designed to produce certain spray characteristics. It is generally accepted in the fire protection industry to use the discharge coefficient (or k factor) when determining the flow through a sprinkler or nozzle. i.e. Q = k x Pn where the pressure exponent n is taken as 0.5. Highly engineered sprays, as opposed to standard deflection type sprinklers, often contain complex internal and external geometries to form the distinctive spray patterns. In order to account for the different flow characteristic of these types of discharges, the pressure exponent can be considered as an input variable rather than a constant.

    • Typical Pressure exponents are:

      Spray/Nozzle Type	Pressure Exponent
      Deflector type Sprinklers	0.50
      Swirl Type Atomisers	0.50
      Spiral Nozzle	0.50
      Full Cone	0.47
      Wide Angle Full Cone	0.44

    • If a value is not entered, the program assumes a default value of 0.50

  • Operating: Against each Sprinkler/Nozzle and Hydrant/standpipe, this checkbox allows the user to select discharges that are operating or not. Above the column heading is two buttons to Clear all (turn all discharges OFF) or Check All (turn all discharges ON. Hence for example all sprinklers can be entered and then various combinations of operating sprinklers can be selected and the program run to determine which are the most unfavourable and the most favourable. It has also been introduced to assist with selecting the operating sprinklers when downloading a data file fro Revit with the new ACADS-BSG program RHYENA.

Hydrants/Standpipes

• The items that are entered for each hydrant/standpipe are:

  • Node No.: The node numbers across the nth row of the GRID starting from the left hand side including sprinkler nodes and Main Pipe nodes

  • Elevation: The elevation of the node above or below a given datum in units as specified in the Project Tab Page. If left blank in the Sprinkler and Nozzles, Hydrants/Standpipes or Reference nodes data, the program assumes the default value above the column heading.

  • Minimum Flow: The required flow of the sprinkler in units of flow as specified in the Project Tab Page. If Calculate Input OR Booster Pump Flow and Pressure is being used it is the minimum flow. If it is Calculate Discharge Flows for Given Input, it may be adjusted up or down depending on the entered pressure at the input point(s). If left blank, the program assumes the default above the column heading.

  • Min. Pressure: The minimum or residual pressure required at the hydrant/standpipe connection point. This is used with the entered Minimum flow to determine the equivalent k factor. The program then uses this calculated k factor for all the entered hydrants or stand pipes to determine the most remote hydrant/standpipe when Calculate input flow and pressure” is selected on the Project Screen. When “Discharge flows for given input” is selected, the calculated k factor is used to determine the flow based on the pressure at the hydrant/standpipe node.

    • Hydrants (From AS2419 – 2005) | Type of Hydrant | Minimum Flow Rate (L/s) | Min. Residual Pressure (kPa) | |-------------------------------------|:-------------------------:|:------------------------------:| |Feed fire hydrant unassisted - NSW | 10 | 150 | |Other States | 10 | 200 | |Attack fire Hydrant, unassisted - NSW| 10 | 250 | |Other States | 10 | 350 | |Internal and external fire hydrant when boosted by a fire brigade pumping appliance|10| 700 | |Attack fire hydrant performance achieved without the use of a fire brigade pumping appliance |5| 700| |Hydrant pumped max pressure | 5 | 1200 | |Hydrant pumped max pressure at valve shut| 0 | 1300 |

- **Hose Reels (from AS2441 -  2005)**
  |  Nominal Hose Diameter        |  Minimum Flow Rate              || Minimum Required Pressure  (+ 10 kPa) |
  |:-----------------------------:|:------------------:|:-----------:|:------------------------------------:|
  |            mm                 |        L/s         |   L/min     |                  kPa                 |
  |            19                 |       0.33         |    20       |                  220                 |
  |            25                 |       0.41         |    25       |                  220                 |

• Max. Pressure (optional): The maximum pressure allowed at the hydrant/standpipe connection. This is optional input and is only used in reporting any excessive pressures in the Node Characteristics Results.

• Operating: Against each Sprinkler/Nozzle and Hydrant/standpipe, this checkbox allows the user to select discharges that are operating or not. Above the column heading is two buttons to Clear all (turn all discharges OFF) or Check All (turn all discharges ON. Hence for example all sprinklers can be entered and then various combinations of operating sprinklers can be selected and the program run to determine which are the most unfavourable and the most favourable. It has also been introduced to assist with selecting the operating sprinklers when downloading a data file fro Revit with the new ACADS-BSG program RHYENA.

• Above the input data table for the sprinklers/nozzles and for the hydrants/standpipe are fields which allow the entry of defaults which apply to any sprinkler/nozzle or hydrant/standpipe where this field is blank: If no defaults are entered for any item (column) then all rows in that column must have values except the Pressure Exponent for Sprinklers/Nozzles and the Maximum Pressure for Hydrants/Standpipes as these are not mandatory fields.

• Above the “Operating” column for Sprinklers and Nozzles Hydrants and Standpipes, there are two buttons to Clear All or Check All.

• Above the Hydrants/Standpipes Table there are two radio buttons to control whether the flow for the Hydrants/Standpipes are to remain fixed or allowed to vary with pressure.

Fixed Discharges

• This brings the Fixed Discharge input data table on screen.

• Fixed discharges are nodes that have a fixed discharge. When analyzing a hydrant system a fixed discharge can be used to model a fire hydrant that has a fixed flow regardless of the pressure at the connection point

• The items that are entered for each fixed discharge are:

  • Node No.: The node number of the fixed discharge.

  • Elevation: The elevation of the node above or below a given datum in units as specified in the Project Tab Page. If left blank in the Sprinkler and Nozzles, Hydrants/Standpipes or Reference nodes data, the program assumes the default value above the column heading.

  • Discharge: The flow from the fixed discharge (to allow for standpipes, connections to other systems, etc.)

Discharges Tab Page for Hydrant

Display Discharges Only

**DisPlay Numbering Tab Page

Distance Between Rows

This is the spacing between rows and hence the length of each main pipe between ranges.

Distance from Last Sprinkler to Main Pipe

Distance from the last sprinkler on this range pipe, along the pipe, to the next Main Pipe. Note: the distance is the actual pipe length and if the range pipe slopes, it is not the horizontal distance.

Distance from Main Pipe to First Sprinkler

Distance from the Main pipe, along the range pipe, to the first sprinkler on this pipe. Note: the distance is the actual pipe length and if the range pipe slopes, it is not the horizontal distance.

If there are no sprinklers on the range pipe, the distance is the total length of the range pipe main pipe to main pipe.

Distance to first sprinkler

Distance from the start of this tree pipe, along the pipe, to the first sprinkler. For the first set (line) it is the distance from the Main Pipe to the first sprinkler. For all others it is the distance from the last sprinkler in the previous set to the first sprinkler in the current set. There must always be a distance to first sprinkler as there must always be at least one sprinkler in each set.

Note: the distance is the actual pipe length and if the tree pipe slopes, it is not the horizontal distance.

Elevation

The elevation of the node above or below a given datum in units as specified in the Project Tab Page. If left blank in the Sprinkler and Nozzles, Hydrants/Standpipes or Reference nodes data, the program assumes the default value above the column heading.

Equiv. Flex Length

The pressure loss through FLEXible pipes is calculated as the pressure loss through an equivalent length of 25mm steel pipe. Hence for Equivalent Flex Length the user needs to enter this equivalent length rather than the actual length.

Errors

If the Show Errors Button   is red, clicking with the left mouse will bring up this form which contains a list of all the errors currently on this particular screen.

Export to Word

This exports the selected results to Microsoft Word where additional formatting can be performed and extra text can be added.

Extend

This extends the graph a nominated percentage of the x(flow)-axis to show the curve past the last entered value of flow. This is of significance for curve if the calculated flow ends up being greater than the highest value entered.

Fitting Description

A description of the fitting for identification purposes in the Other Fittings selection list where the user defined fittings are added to those stored in the program.

Fitting Equivalent Lengths

The equivalent length for each nominal diameter. If there is not an equivalent length available for any particular nominal size, the value for equivalent length is left blank.

Fitting Equivalent Lengths and Internal Sizes

The equivalent lengths of fittings (except user defined fittings) are stored in the program. These lengths depend on the sprinkler code selected for the particular pipe. The values are primarily those specified in AS 2118, NFPA, NZS 4541 and SSCP52, however for quite a number of fittings, data from other sources (where this is allowed by the particular code) are included and these sources are indicated in the extreme right hand column of the tables by a 'source' the legend for which is on each table.

Because the pressure loss in pipe fittings is primarily a dynamic loss i.e. there is very little loss due to friction, the pressure loss (in kPa or p.s.i) of a particular (nominal size) fitting will not vary significantly when installed in a pipe with the same nominal diameter but a slightly different internal diameter. Therefore the equivalent length must be modified to keep the pressure drop the same. If the Hazen Williams coefficient for the fitting and the pipe are not the same, a correction for this must also be made.

If a fitting is installed in a pipe of different internal diameter or Hazen Williams Coefficient the equivalent lengths must be adjusted to give the same total pressure loss using the following formula:

ELCALCULATED = ELTABLE x (D1/D2) 4.87 X (C1/C2)1.85 eqn B-01

Where:

D1 = the internal diameter of the pipe, the fitting is installed in.

D2 = the internal diameter of the pipe that the stated equivalent length is based upon

(see table below)

C1 = the Hazen Williams coefficient of the pipe the fitting is installed in.

C2 = the Hazen Williams coefficient of the pipe that the stated equivalent length is based on.

The fittings with equivalent lengths stored in the program and the pipe material and Hazen Williams coefficient that they are assumed to be based on are:

Fittings Base Pipe Material Base HW Coefficient | Fittings | Base Pipe Material | Base HW Coefficient | |:--------------------:|:----------------------------------------------:|:-------------------:| | Screwed (steel) | NFPA -Schedule 40 Steel (AS40) | 120 | | | Other codes – AS1074 & BS1387(ASAM) | 120 | | Valves, etc. (steel) | NFPA -Schedule 40 Steel (AS40) | 120 | | | Other codes – AS1074 & BS1387(ASAM) | 120 | | Flanged or socketed | All codes – American Unlined Cast Ductile Iron | 100 |

NFPA Fittings - SE, TT, etc

The equivalent lengths listed in NFPA are for fittings when installed in Schedule 40 steel pipe.

When installed in Steel and Unlined Cast Iron Pipes eqn B-01 applies with:

D2 = the internal diameter of the shedule 40 steel pipe.

C2 = 120

When installed in all other pipes (including lined Cast Iron, Copper, CPVC, and user defined pipe materials.) no diameter correction is made to the screwed steel fittings (SE, TT, etc) or the gate valves and check valves because, strictly speaking, these fittings (and their equivalent lengths) do not apply for these other pipe materials. In the absence however, of any other readily available data they can be taken as an approximation. That is, it can be assumed, for example, that the equivalent length of a steel screwed elbow in an AS40 steel pipe is approximately the same as for a copper elbow in a copper pipe.

The Hazen Williams correction of (Cpipe/CBASE)1.85 is however made, where Cpipe is the Hazen Williams coefficient for the pipe and CBASE is the base Hazen Williams coefficient from the table above.

The diameter correction is applied by the program for NFPA to all steel fittings except NFPA13D steel fittings.

AS2118, NZS4541 and SSCP52 Fittings – SE, TT, etc.

In the other codes the program applies the same correction for screwed steel fittings but using the diameter of Australian Medium Steel in lieu of Schedule 40 for D2, up to 150mm.

In all other pipes only the Hazen Williams correction is made.

Flanged or Socket Fittings (E1 to C4)

The basis of the equivalent lengths for these fittings cannot be confirmed so it is assumed they are based on American unlined Cast Iron pipe diameters and a Hazen Williams coefficient of 100.

In Steel Pipes

When installed in steel pipes eqn B-01 applies with:

D2 = the internal diameter of American unlined cast iron pipe (this data originating from the USA).

C2 = 100

For SSCPP52 C.I. no diameter correction is made and C2 = 120 (lined cast iron pipe)

In Unlined Cast Iron Pipes

In unlined cast iron pipes no diameter correction is made , only the Hazen Williams correction is applied using eqn B-01

In all other Pipes

When installed in all other pipes (including lined Cast Iron, Copper, CPVC etc.) it is again assumed that the fitting diameter is the same as the pipe and only the Hazen Williams correction is made.

For SSCP52 C.I. Cement Lined fittings the appropriate values from this code are used with no diameter correction applied, but a H&W Correction is made based on C2 = 120.

Note that although the diameter correction above is made for screwed, flanged or socketed fittings in both steel and cast ductile iron pipes it is recommended that the user gives careful thought to the validity of using screwed fittings with ductile iron pipes and flanged or socketed fittings with steel pipes. The entry of copper or PVC fittings with steel or ductile iron pipes or steel or ductile iron fittings with copper or PVC pipes should be treated with caution as this may compromise the accuracy of the results.

User Defined Fittings

If any other fitting type is required to be used (e.g. a lined ductile iron fitting) the above correction does not apply and the user must enter the equivalent lengths as User Defined Fittings.

When entering this data the user can also select the material code and the HW Coefficient that this data is based on. The program will then apply the above diameter & HW Coefficient corrections. For example, if the user has data for cast iron cement lined fittings (as distinct from unlined fittings) then this would be entered with a pipe code of say C150 or if the user has entered their own pipe diameter data, the code for this can be entered. However if the base pipe material code is entered as NONE then the fitting equivalent lengths will be taken as the same no matter which pipe material is being used. Hence the fitting pressure loss will not be fixed & will be a function of the internal diameter of the pipe it is installed in.

Note again however that the inclusion of user defined fittings in pipes of a material other than that on which the fitting equivalent lengths are based upon, should be avoided or at least given careful thought.

The uncorrected equivalent lengths used by the program are as listed in the following tables:

For AS2118 - Commercial

For AS2118 - Domestic

For NFPA Commercial

For NFPA13D

For NZ4541 - Commercial

For SSCP52 - Commercial

For GB50084

For CPVC

For NFPA750

For AS4587

For all HDPE Pipes

For all Stainless Steel Tubing

Values of equivalent length in the tables with an asterisk are interpolated values.

Fittings of Different Diameter

These are fittings with a different diameter to that of the current pipe. They are entered in the last two columns (No. and Diam). They are written to the Pipes table with the diameter in parenthesis. e.g., In say a 50mm pipe, two 40 mm short radiused bends are required, enter 2 under No and 40 under Diam. This, after exiting the selection box will appear as 2SE(40)

Fittings to

This is the Sprinkler Code on which the equivalent lengths of fittings (entered on the Pipes Tab Page) are to be based viz.

NFPA  National Fire Protection Association (USA) Installation of Fire Sprinklers

AS2118 Australian Standard 2118 Part 1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems

NZ4541 New Zealand Standard 4541 Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems

SSCP52  Singapore Standard CP52 - Code of Practice for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems

AS4587 Australian Standard 4587 (1999) for Water mist fire protection systems

NFPA750 National Fire Protection Association (USA) for Water mist fire protection systems

GB50084 Chinese Standard Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems

NFPA750 and AS4587 are for mist systems. In both these codes, equivalent lengths for copper fittings are listed and used by the program. However fitting equivalent lengths, as listed in the User Guide for stainless steel pipe (SS40 and SS10) and any user defined stainless steel tubing are also available.

In North America the program only allows NFPA, NFPA750 and GB50084. In other locations a selection between NFPA, NFPA750, AS2118, AS4587, NZ4541, SSCP52 or GB50084 is available.

For fire hydrant or hose reel installations the fitting equivalent lengths of NFPA may be used. These values agree, within a few percent, with the data published in the Crane Company Catalogue No. 41. For hydrant mill cocks it is suggested that an angle valve (NV) be used.

A default value can be set for new projects under Set Defaults under System Configuration accessed from the Menu Bar on the Main Screen.

Fixed/Curve/Linear/Q185

A selection for:

*FIXED A fixed pressure at an input point in which case only Pressure 1 is entered.

If the input pressure is not a constant, but a curve (e.g. if the input is a pump, the pressure will drop off as the flow increases), then the curve can be described in one of three ways:

*LINEAR signifies a pump or variable water supply pressure being entered as a series of (at least two) points on a curve of pressure vs flow. The program linearly interpolates between the entered points.

*CURVE signifies a pump or variable water supply pressure but in this case a series of coefficients are calculated from the entered values of flow and pressure for a polynomial fit to the points. At least eight points must be entered. This is a slightly more accurate method of describing a pump curve than the LINEAR method.

The polynomial takes the form:

p = a + bq + cq2 + dq3

where:

q is the flow and

a, b, c, d are the coefficients which are displayed on the graph and inserted in the input data file for use in the calculations.

*Q185 signifies a variable water supply pressure where the pressure between each pair of entered points is proportional to the flow to the power 1.85.

If the program is calculating the “Input Point Flow/Pressure”, then pressure 1 is used as a first guess for the iterations carried out by the program.

Fixed Discharge Node No.

The node number of the fixed discharge.

Flow 1, Pressure 1, ..........

A series of up to eight flow/pressure points on the pump or water supply curve at the input point. The first value of flow must be zero and the first pressure is the shut off pressure.

If CURVE is being used the number of pairs of points must be eight, and after the first two flows are entered the remaining flows are extrapolated using the same increment for each pair. They may be changed as necessary.

Note that only one pump curve may be described with each input node. If two parallel pumps are present, then:

• If the pumps have the same characteristic, enter 2 under number of pumps (only applies if CURVE is used.)

• If the pumps have different characteristics, create a second input point close to the first one. Assign to this second input node the same elevation and set of Flow/Pressure values as for the first one.

Flow 1, Pressure 1, etc..

A series of up to eight flow/pressure points on the pump or back flow preventer curve. The first value of flow must be zero. For a pump the first pressure is the shut off pressure whilst for a back flow preventer, it is the pressure below which flow is prevented. Above this pressure the pressure drop through the device is a function of flow, as defined by the other flow/pressure points.

If CURVE is being used the number of pairs of points must be eight, and after the first two flows are entered the remaining flows are extrapolated using the same increment for each pair. They may be changed as necessary.

From Node and To Node

The first and last node number of a sequential group of sprinklers or nozzles with exactly the same characteristics.

Global Change

This allows the user to globally change the pipe diameter or the pipe length on the "Pipes" Tab Page. First the global change check box is checked and then the item to be changed is selected using the mouse. Next the right mouse button is clicked. In the dialogue box that appears on screen, the number of occurrences of the current value in the field is displayed. The replacement value is entered and clicking OK will implement the change. Selecting Cancel, aborts the change.

The global change check box clears after each change is implemented.

Graphs

These buttons allow graphs of input points, booster pumps, the system and the GRID included in the results when viewing or for printing.

*GRID is the picture of the GRID that is displayed when the View Grid button is selected from within the GRID Input Data Tab Pages. The pipe numbers, node numbers, diameters and/or lengths can be optionally displayed.

*INPUT POINT is the graph of a selected input point entered for this project when the input is linear, curve or Q185. It also displays the operating point. The x scale (Flow) can be set to linear or Q to the 1.85

*BOOSTER PUMP or BKFP is the curve for a selected booster pump or back flow preventer entered in the input data

*SYSTEM CURVE (input point plus booster pump if only one input point and booster pump have been entered)

'Grid Graph

Grid Pipe Fittings

If there are any fittings on the Main Pipes, the Rising Main Pipes, the Range or Tree Pipes or the Risers and Droppers, they are entered from the selection box that appears when the right mouse is clicked image\ebx_-1425478495.gif. Fittings that apply to the Sprinkler Code (as selected on the Project Tab Page and the particular pipe material) are displayed

In addition where appropriate User Defined fittings are also displayed. The latter are fitting types with the appropriate equivalent lengths entered by the User using the USER DATA Button on the Main Screen.

Normally only tees or elbows would be selected however, the complete list is displayed in case the user has an unusual requirement to add things like valves. For Range, Tree, Rising Main Pipes and Droppers, the program automatically adds a TT at each branch from the Main Pipe. Any other entered fittings on Range and Tree Pipes are added to each length of pipe between sprinklers and on Droppers/Risers, to each dropper/riser length. The normal use of other fittings for Range and Tree pipes is to add Straight Through Tees (if the particular Sprinkler Code being used stipulates an equivalent length for straight through tees), or for the last Tree Pipe, an elbow. E.g. in a Range Pipe with 5 sprinklers, if a TN is selected, this will be added to each of the four pipe sections between the sprinklers and a TN and a TT will be added to the first and last pipe connecting to the Main Pipes.

The following items are on the Tool Bar:

image\ebx_463499438.gif Show Errors

Units The units of Length and Diameter currently in use.

Fitting String

As the user enters the number of fittings and the appropriate data (length or diameter) as required, the string that is written out to the input data file is displayed here, e.g. 2GV ZAV(400) LE(40). The fittings for this particular pipe will also appear this way under other fittings ( except for the number of Standard Elbows and 90° Branch Tees) on the Pipes Tab Page.

image\ebx_-1766303649.gif Clears all entered data for this pipe.

In the selection box users can enter data in the various columns for:

Std No - Number of Standard Fittings.

Special Fittings - Fittings with a user entered equivalent length.

Fittings with a different diameter .

Unlabled Fitting with a user entered equivalent length.

In the selection list, symbols are displayed in the description of some of the fittings. These indicate the source of the data for equivalent lengths used for the particular fitting and are:

[M.H.] Municipal Hydraulics, Vancouver Canada

[G.B.] Gage Babcock, Vancouver Canada

[Crane] Crane Company Catalogue No.41

[ASC] Automatic Sprinkler Corporation of America

(SE), (TT), (AS2118), (no loss), etc.

These items (in circular brackets) indicate that the particular Code does not have values for this particular fitting and the letters within the brackets, signify the fitting or code which is used in determining the equivalent length. E.g., in NFPA the straight through Tees (TN) and (TR) are taken as the same as a long radius elbow (LE) and a short radius elbow (SE) respectively, whilst in other codes they are assumed to have (no loss). Another example is the values for the Check Alarm Mushroom which are taken from (AS2118)

At the foot of the Selection box any errors in the entered fitting data are displayed together with the current fitting string.

Select here for further information on Fitting Equivalent lengths including tables of actual values.

Grid Plot

If this check box is selected a plot of the GRID with node numbers, pipe numbers, etc is included in the printed results. This is in the form of a page of text with symbols for pipe, nodes, sprinklers etc, and node/pipe numbers and flows annotated. It was in the original program and has been largely supersceded by the GRID Graph in the results screens.

h1 - height 1

The elevation of the first node (furtherest to the left) or in the case of sloping elevation, the elevation of the starting node of the first sloping side (left hand side).

h2 - height 2

The elevation of the point on the pipe at the right end of the first (right hand) sloping side. This is also the starting point of the second sloping side. Note that this point does not have to be a node, it is a point on the pipe.

h3 - height 3

The elevation of the point on the pipe at the right end of the second (right hand) sloping side. If any additional nodes on the row to the right of the ending point exist, they will have the same h3 elevation.

For a raking roof, (h2-h1)/d1 equals (h3-h2)/d2

Hazen Williams or Darcy Weisbach

This provides a choice between the Hazen-Williams and Darcy Weisbach formula for the hydraulic calculations. The Darcy formula should be in Mist systems when the velocity exceeds 7.5m/s (for NFPA750) and 6m/s (for AS4587) and should be considered for other than fresh water e.g. salt water or water with additives including anti-freeze as required by NFPA.

H.W.Coeff.

This is the Hazen Williams coefficient that the fitting equivalent lengths are based upon. If the user uses the fitting in a pipe with a different Hazen Williams Coefficient, the program modifies the equivalent length by the ratio of the Hazen Williams Coefficients to the power 1.85. This ensures that the loss through the fitting remains (approximately) the same regardless of the pipe roughness. This is because fitting losses are primarily dynamic losses (which are proportional simply to the velocity in the fitting not the pipe) and have negligible friction losses.

H.W Coefficient

This is the Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient used in calculating the friction loss in a pipe. The following are clean and typical design values:

Hazen-Williams Coefficient
	Clean*	Suggested design values	Source
Bitumen lined concrete	145-140	140	(AS2118)
Spun bitumen-lined steel	150-145	140	(AS2118)
Cement lined iron or steel	150-140	140	(AS2118 & NFPA)
Cast iron (uncoated)	140-125	100	(AS2118, NFPA & NZ4541)
Cast iron (coated)	145-130	115	(unknown)
Ductile Iron		100	(NZ4541)
Concrete	150-140	110	(unknown)
Copper	160-155	150	(AS2118 & NFPA)
Copper, MPVC, UPVC & PE		140	(NZ4541)
Stainless Steel Tubing	160-155	150	(NFPA & NZ4541)
Stainless Steel Pipe	140-130	130	((AS2118)
Stainless Steel Pipe	140-130	140	(NFPA750)
Welded & seamless steel (wet)	150-140	120	(AS2118, NFPA & NZ4541)
Welded & seamless steel (dry)	150-140	100	(NFPA)
Galvanised Gteel (wet)	150-140	120	(AS2118, NFPA & NZ4541)
Galvanised Steel (dry)		100	(NFPA)
Steel galvanised after fabrication		110	(NZ4541)
Steel, spun concrete lined		130	(NZ4541)
CPVC		150	(NFPA)
CPVC		140	(NZ4541)
Polyethylene	160-155	150	(AS2118)
U.P.V.C. (Hose reel pipe)	160-155	150	(AS2118)
Fire hose (non-percolating)		140	(unknown)
Fire hose (unlined or percolating)		100	(unknown)

• Clean values are for concentrically joined and clean pipes. Values except for welded and seamless steel are from Australian Standard 2200-1978.

	Default values for Hazen Williams Coefficient used by HYENA
	AS2118		NFPA, SSCP52 & GB50084		NZ4541
	HW Co	Source	HW Co	Source	HW Co	Source
Cement Lined C.I.	140	AS2118	140	NFPA	140	AS2118
Unlined Cast Iron	100	AS2118	100	NFPA	100	NZ4541
Copper	150	AS2118	150	NFPA	140	NZ4541
Stainless Steel Pipe	130	AS4587	140	NFPA750	130	AS4587
Steel	120	AS2118	120	NFPA	120	NZ4541
PVC & CPCV	150	NFPA	150	NFPA	140	NZ4541
HDPE	150	AS2118	150	AS2118	140	NZ4541
HOSR	150	AS2118	150	AS2118	140	NZ4541
HOSC	140	Unknown	140	Unknown	140	Unknown

For HW coefficient used with AS4587 and NFPA750 see Surf Roughness - Mist Systems

The Hazen-Williams Coefficient may be entered in a number of places:

*a default can be set under Set Defaults accessed from Configuration on the Menu Bar of the Main Screen. This value will be the default on opening a new project.

*a default value may be entered above the H.W.Coefficient heading on the Pipes Tab Page and on the GRID Main Pipes Tab Page. Pipes with the H.W.Coefficient left blank in the column below these defaults will assume the default value.

*For an individual pipe in the H.W.Coefficient. column on the Pipes Tab Page.

*For the individual main or rising main pipes in a GRID on the Main Pipes Tab Page.

*For the individual range or tree pipes in a GRID on the Ranges and Trees Pipes Tab Page.

Hydrants/Standpipe Node Number

The node number (between 1 and 9999) of the hydrant, hose reel or standpipe.

Include Velocity Pressure

The inclusion of velocity pressure normally has very little effect on the hydraulic calculations, however certain approving authorities require velocity pressure to be included. Checking this check box will cause the program to include velocity pressures.

According to NFPA:

There are two methods of calculation of pressures throughout sprinkler/hydrant systems;- the Total Pressure method or the Velocity Pressure method. The term Velocity Pressure method is something of a misnomer in that this method utilizes the “Normal” pressure to determine the flow through a sprinkler. In order to find the normal pressure, the velocity pressure needs to be calculated and subtracted from the Total pressure.

Hydraulic calculations of sprinkler systems using the Total pressure method are the most common. This method simplifies the calculations and in most cases, builds a safety factor into the calculations because the assumption is made that the total pressure (which is always higher than the normal pressure) is responsible for pushing the water through the sprinkler.

When using the velocity pressure method of calculation, the normal pressure is used to determine the flow through the sprinkler except at the last sprinkler on the branch. For these sprinklers the total pressure is used because in these situations the velocity pressure will be acting in the same direction as the normal pressure.

In the program, Sprinklers connected directly along a pipe (but not at the end) with opposing flow into the sprinkler, it is assumed that the flow through the sprinkler is based on total pressure.

NFPA further states that:

NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection requires the use of the Normal pressure method of calculation in many situations because of the possibility of long runs of small diameter pipe to the end nozzle and because it is common for large flow demands to discharge from the side of a tee.

Whether this applies to Mist systems is not stated.

Input Point Graph

Input Point Node Number

The node number (between 1 and 9999) in the network where the water supply or fire pump is connected.

Input Points

On this screen the details of all nodes that are input points are entered. Input points are the points in the network where the network is pressurised ie. connected to a water supply or pump. An input node cannot be connected to more than one pipe. If Calculate “Input Point Flow/Pressure” is not being used and a pump is installed drawing water from the mains or a storage tank, it is better to enter the pump as a booster pump.

Insert a New Pipe

This inserts a new pipe at the current cursor position. The user is prompted whether the pipe is to be inserted before or after the current cursor position. If Auto Numbering is on, the new pipe will be numbered the next pipe number available (Plus one increment minus one) once any item of pipe data is entered.

Right clicking the mouse on the pipe number inserts a new pipe on the next line below the cursor..

The Insert only works when the selected Order of pipes is "Entry".

Code	Pipe Material	15	20	25	32	40	50	65	80	90	100	125	150	200
ASAL	AS1074-Light Weight	17.2	22.0	28.3	37.0	42.3	54.1	69.2	81.9		106.2			6.357
ASAM	AS1074-Med W & BS1387	16.2	21.7	27.4	36.1	42.0	53.1	68.8	80.8		105.1	129.7	155.1	6.065
ASAH	AS1074-Heavy & BS1387	15.0	20.5	25.8	34.5	40.4	51.3	67.0	79.1		103.3	128.9	154.	6.065
Cast ductile iron
ASBU	Unlined Class K9										109.7		164.7	219.4
ASCU	Unlined Class K12								81.5		107.5		161.7	215.4
ASBL	(K9) Cem. lined -light										103.7		158.7	209.4
ASCL	(K12) Cem. lined -light								75.5		101.5		155.7	205.4
ASBH	(K9) Cem. lined -heavy										95.7		150.7	199.4
ASCH	(K12) Cem. lined -heavy								67.5		93.5		147.7	195.4
American Steel
ASTD	AS1432 Type A -	15.08	21.0	26.5	35.1	40.9	52.6	62.7	77.9	90.1	102.3	128 2	154.1	202.7
AS20	AS1432 Type B -													206.4
AS40	AS1432 Type C -	15.08	21.0	26.5	35.1	40.9	52.6	62.7	77.9	90.1	102.3	128 2	154.1	202.7
Stainless Steel Pipe
SS10	SS Schedule 10S	17.08	22.48	27.86	36.66	42.76	54.76	66.9	82.80	95.50	108.20	134 5	161.5	211.58
SS40	SS Schedule 40S	15.75	20.96	26.64	35.08	40.94	52.48	62.68	77.92	90.12	102.26	128 2	154.08	202.74
Australian Copper
ASDA	AS1432 Type A -	10.62	16.17	22.09	28.44	34.79	47.48	60.17	72.05	84.74	97.42	122.82	148.97	197.7
ASDB	AS1432 Type B -	10.84	16.97	22.91	29.26	35.61	48.30	60.99	72.85	85.54	98.22	123.62	148.19	198.9
ASDC	AS1432 Type C -	11.24	17.19	23.52
ASDD	AS1432 Type D -				29.98	36.23	48.92	61.61	73.76	86.36	99.04	124.04	148.99
NZ Copper
NZCV	NZS3501 Copper	12.65	19.00	25.35	31.71	38.06	50.76	63.43	76.12	88.83	101.52
CPVC
CPVC	CPVC (Blazemaster)		2.45	28.17	35.56	40.69	50.88	61.54	74.96

Code	Pipe Material	150	200	225	250	300	350	375	400	450	500	550	600
Cast ductile iron
ASBU	Unlined Class K9	164.7	219.4	245.9	272.4	331.0		410.4		489.8	542.3		647.2
ASCU	Unlined Class K12	161.7	215.4	241.7	268.0	326.2		405.2		484.2	536.3		640.6
ASBL	(K9) Cem. lined -light	158.7	209.4	235.9	262.4	317.0		396.4		475.8	528.3		627.2
ASCL	(K12) Cem. lined -light	155.7	205.4	231.7	258.0	312.2		391.2		470.2	522.3		620.6
ASBH	(K9) Cem. lined -heavy	150.7	199.4	225.9	252.4	305.0		384.4		463.8	516.3		615.2
ASCH	(K12) Cem. lined -heavy	147.7	195.4	221.7	248.0	300.2		379.2		458.2	510.3		608.6
American Steel
ASTD	AS1432 Type A -	154.1	202.7		254.5	304.8	336.5		387.7	438.1	488.9	539.8	590.6
AS20	AS1432 Type B -		206.4		260.3	311.1	339.8		390.6	441.4	488.9	539.8	590.6
AS40	AS1432 Type C -	154.1	202.7		254.5	304.8	336.5		387.7	438.1	488.9	539.8	590.6
Stainless Steel Pipe
SS10	SS Schedule 10S	161.5	211.58		264.7	314.8	346.1		396.8	447.4	496.9	547.9	597.3
SS40	SS Schedule 40S	154.1	202.74		254.6	304.9	336.6		387.3	437.9	488.9		590.9

Code	Pipe Material	600	650	700	750	800	850	900	1050
American Steel
ASTD	ASTM Standard Weight	590.6	641.4	692.2	743.0	793.8	844.6	895.4	1047.8
AS20	ASTM Schedule 20	590.6	635.0	685.8	736.6	787.4	838.2	889.0	1041.4
AS40	ASTM Schedule 40	574.7				777.8	828.6	876.3	1028.7
Stainless Steel Pipe
SS10	SS Schedule 10S	597.3			746.26

Internal Pipe Diameters - High Density Polyethylene

Internal Pipe Diameters - High Density Polyethylene

High Density Polyethylene						Nominal Pipe Sizes (mm)
Code	Pipe Material	20	25	32	40		63	75	90	110	125	140	160	180
PE13	HDPE (SDR 13.5)	16.7	21.1	27.0	33.8	42.2	53.3	63.7	76.5	93.3	106.1	118.9	135.9	152.8
PE11	HDPE (SDR 11)	16.1	20.2	26.0	32.3	40.5	51.0	61.0	73.1	89.4	101.5	113.9	129.0	146.3
PE09	HDPE (SDR 9)	16.2	19.2	24.5	30.8	38.4	48.2	57.6	69.1	84.5	96.1	107.6	123.1	138.6

High Density Polyethylene						Nominal Pipe Sizes (mm)
Code	Pipe Material	200	225	250	280	315	355	400	450	500	560	630	710	800
PE13	HDPE (SDR 13.5)	169.9	191.1	212.4	237.9	267.6	301.6	339.9	382.4	475.8	475.8	535.5	603.4	680.0
PE11	HDPE (SDR 11)	162.5	182.9	203.4	227.8	256.3	288.8	325.4	366.1	406.8	455.7	512.6
PE09	HDPE (SDR 9)	153.7	173.2	192.5	215.4	241.4	273.3	307.8	346.5	385.0

Internal Pipe Diameters (small pipes) - Mist Systems

The following tables list the internal pipe diameters in mm, stored in the program for small pipe sizes which may be used when modelling Mist Systems:

Nominal Pipe Sizes (mm)								16	18
Code	Pipe Material	8	10	15	20	25	32	40	50
Stainless Steel Pipe
SS10	SS Schedule 10S	10.4	13.8	17.08	22.48	27.86	36.63	42.72	54.79
SS40	SS Schedule 40S	9.22	12.48	15.76	20.96	26.2	35.1	40.9	52.5
Australian Copper
ASDA	AS1432 Type A	4.53	7.48	10.62	16.17	22.09	28.44	34.79	47.48
ASDB	AS1432 Type B	4.93	7.7	10.84	16.97	22.91	29.26	35.61	48.30
ASDC	AS1432 Type C		8.1	11.24	17.19	23.52
ASDD	AS1432 Type D						29.98	36.23	48.92
NZ Copper
NZCV	NZS3501 Coppe			12.65	19.00	25.35	31.71	38.06	50.76

For Stainless Steel Tubing, the internal diameters are dependent on the pressure rating of the tube. The user enters the internal diameters for each tube under User Data on the front screen with a unique pipe material code. The nominal (outside) diameters available are:

Metric (mm)	3	6	8	10	12	14	15	16	18	20	22	25	28	30	32	38	50
Imperial (inch)	1/8	1/4	5/16	3/8	1/2			5/8		3/4	7/8	1			1 1/4	1 1/2	2

k Factor

The sprinkler constant as given by the manufacturer. If left blank in the data for Sprinkler/Nozzles on the Discharge Tab Page, the program assumes the default above the column heading. k is the ratio of the sprinkler discharge divided by the square root of the pressure drop of the sprinkler or nozzle.

i.e. k = Q /√ P

The sprinkler constant entered must be consistent with the units of flow and pressure specified in the Project Tab Page.

The following table lists typical values of k for various sprinklers:

Sprinkler Orifice Size mm (ins)	Sprinkler constant k with units of flow and pressure of:
	l/min & kPa	l/sec & kPa	USGPM & PSI	L/min & Bar
Commercial
10 (3/8)	5.70	0.095	4.0	57.0
15 (1/2)	8.00	0.133	5.6	80.0
20 (3/4)	11.50	0.192	8.0	115.0
Domestic
9.5 (3/8)	4.00	0.067	2.8	40.0
11.1 (7/16)	6.00	0.100	4.2	60.0
12.7 (½)	8.00	0.133	5.6	80.0
13.5 (17/32)	11.70	0.195	8.1	117.0

The following table lists typical values of k and the pressure exponent for various atomizer nozzles.

Nozzle Type	Constant k with units of flow and pressure of:		Pressure Exponent
	l/min & kPa	l/sec & kPa	USGPM & PSI	L/min & Bar
Swirl Type	0.10	0.0017	0.069	0.995	0.5
Cluster Swirl Type	0.11	0.0018	0.073	1.05	0.5
Spiral	1.37	0.023	0.95	13.7	0.5
Full Cone	1.65	0.027	1.08	14.4	0.47
Wide Angle Full Cone	1.60	0.027	0.99	12.5	0.44

The following table lists typical values of k for various nozzles.

NozzleSize mm(ins)	Constant k with units and flow and pressure of:
	Coeff. of dis-charge	l/min & kPa	l/sec & kPa	USGPM & PSI	L/min & Bar
6 (1/4)		2.1	0.035	1.46	21.0
8 (5/16)		3.0	0.050	2.10	30.0
10 (3/8)		4.3	0.071	3.01	43.0
12 (1/2)	0.985	9.5	0.158	6.65	95.0
16 (5/8)	0.985	16.9	0.282	11.8	169.0
19 (3/4)	0.983	23.8	0.396	16.7	238.0
22 (7/8)	0.982	31.8	0.531	22.3	318.0
25 (1)	0.972	40.7	0.678	28.5	407.0
28 (1 1/8)	0.976	51.3	0.854	35.9	513.0

L/D Ratios for Fittings Used by Program for High Density Polyethylene Pipes to AN/NZS 4130 (C=150)

The values for 6, 8 and 10 mm nozzles are typical values while for larger sizes the discharge through the nozzle is expressed (in AS 2419-1980 Installation of Fire Hydrants) in terms of a coefficient of discharge Cd for use in the formula -

Q = Cd . A..√ (2gh)

where:

Q = discharge in cubic metres per second.

Cd = coefficient of discharge.

A = area of nozzle of diameter d in sq. metres.

g = acceleration due to gravity in metres per second squared.

h = hydraulic head just before the nozzle in metres.

The flow through a sprinkler is given by -P

Q = k √ P

where:

Q = flow in litres per minute.

P = pressure in kilopascals.

The equivalent k value for nozzles is therefore, by combining these two equations.

k = 0.067 Cd d 2

where:

d = nozzle diameter in mm, and k is in units of l/min and kPa

Code	Description	L/D Ratio	Code	Description	L/D Ratio
Threaded Bends and Tees			Fabricated Bends and Tees to AN/NZS 4130 (C=140)
HSE	90 deg threaded Bend	37 K	F1E90	90 deg Fabricated 1 section	60 P
HHE	45 deg threaded Bend	20 K	F2E90	90 deg Fabricated 2 sections	30 P
HTT	Threaded Tee Branch	75 K	F3E90	90 deg Fabricated 3+ sections	24 P
HTN	Threaded Tee Straight Through	25 K	F2E60	60 deg Fabricated 2+ sections	16 P
Moulded Bends			F1E60	F1E60 60 deg Fabricated 1 section	25 P
MHE	45 deg Moulded Bend	21 K	F1P45	45 deg Fabricated 1 section	12 P
MSE	90 deg Moulded R/D 1.5	40 K	F2P45	45 deg Fabricated 2+ sections	15 P
Welded Bends and Tees			F1E15	15 deg Fabricated 1 section	6 P
WSE	90 deg Sharp Welded Bend	69 K	F1E30	30 deg Fabricated 1+ sections	8 P
WE1	90 deg Welded Elbow R/D=1	23 K	Valves and Strainer
WE15	90 deg Welded Elbow R/D=1.5	17 K	HLV	Globe Valve fully open	340 P
WE2	90 deg Welded Elbow R/D=2	14 K	HGV	Gate Valve fully open	9 P
WHE1	45 deg Welded Elbow R/D=1	17 K	HBLF	Ball Valve Full Bore	3.3 K
WHE15	45 deg Welded Elbow R/D=1.5	12 K	HBLR	Ball Valve Reduced Bore	31 K
SQWT	Square Welded Tee Str.Branch	87 K	HBV	Butterfly Valve	40 P
WTT	Rad.Welded Tee Branch	60 K	HCV	Swing Check Valve	135 P
WTN	Rad.Welded Tee Straight Thru	20 K	HDCV	Wafer Disk Check Valve	530 K
			HNV	Angle Valve	145 P
			HLCV	Lift Check Valve	700 K
			HSTR	Strainer	300 P

Source: K Katmar Software, P Plastic Piping Institute

L/D Ratios for Fittings Used by Program for Stainless Steel Tube

90° Elbow	SSE	38	Gate Valve	SGV	7
45° Elbow	SSH	15	Check Valve	SCV	62
L.R. Elbow	SLE	27	B'fly Valve	SBV	58
Tee Branch	STT	63	Coupling	SCP	4

Source: NFPA750

Linear

For a Back Flow Preventer the performance is entered as a linear curve, i.e. a series of (at least two) points on a curve of pressure vs. flow. The program linearly interpolates between the entered points.

Fitting Equivalent Lengths

This is a list of the equivalent lengths of all the fittings that are stored in the program. The table contains values for each diameter for the Sprinkler Code being used and for the Hazen-Williams coefficient on which the stored data is based on.

Loop Information

This is a list of all the pipes in each loop in the specified network. The loops include, as well as each physical loop, each loop formed by an imaginary pipe from each operating sprinkler back to each of the input points.

Loss Coefficient Tank Exit

When The Input point has a FIXED pressure and this represents the minimum head available from a tank at the input, the user can enter the Loss coefficient of an abrupt exit from the tank. The pressure loss of this fitting is added to the pressure loss of the pipe from the input point (tank).

Loss Coeff Tank Abrupt Exit

This is to allow for the pressure loss of an abrupt entry fitting when a tank is at the input point. Only applies if the Input Point is FIXED. The loss through the tank exit fitting is equal to the entered loss coefficient times the velocity pressure in the exit pipe.

[0.0 to 1.0]

Main Pipe elevation

This is the elevation of the Main Pipes, (which may be above or below the range pipes in the GRID) when Rising Main Pipes are entered. The elevations of the connection points of the ranges and trees to the rising main pipe (along with the elevations of the sprinklers) are entered by node on the Elevations Tab Page and the program determines the length of the rising main pipe from the difference in elevations.

Max. Press.

The maximum pressure allowed at the hydrant/standpipe connection. This is optional input and is only used in reporting any excessive pressures in the Node Characteristics Results.

Measurement Node

This is a nominated node where the measurements are to be taking when testing/certifying the system. If entered an extra line with the flow and pressure at this node is listed in the Summary Results.

It must be a Reference node and must have two and only two pipes connected.

Method

This is the method of inputting the elevations of each successive row in the GRID. The choices are :

*Variable – this provides for the entry of elevations node by node across the row.

*Sloping – this is a convenient method of entering a single sloped or double sloping roof.

*Horizontal with this method a single elevation is entered for the complete row.

Entered elevations apply to nodes starting from the left hand side of the grid. The rows start from the bottom of the grid.

Min. Press.

The minimum or residual pressure required at the hydrant/standpipe connection point. This is used with the entered Minimum flow to determine the equivalent k factor. The program then uses this calculated k factor for all the entered hydrants or stand pipes to determine the most remote hydrant/standpipe when Calculate input flow and pressure” is selected on the Project Screen. When “Discharge flows for given input” is selected, the calculated k factor is used to determine the flow based on the pressure at the hydrant/standpipe node.

Type of Hydrant	Minimum Flow Rate L/s	Min. Residual Pressure kPa
Feed fire hydrant unassisted - NSW	10	150
- Other States	10	200
Attack fire Hydrant, unassisted - NSW	10	250
- Other States	10	350
Internal and external fire hydrant when boosted by a fire brigade pumping appliance	10	700
Attack fire hydrant performance achieved without the use of a fire brigade pumping appliance	5	700
Hydrant pumped max pressure	5	1200
Hydrant pumped max pressure at valve shut	0	1300

Hose Reels (from AS2441 - 2005)

Nominal Hose Diameter	Minimum Flow Rate	Minimum Required Pressure (+ 10 kPa)
mm	L/s	L/min	kPa
19	0.33	20	220
25	0.41	25	220

Minimum Flow – Sprinklers

The required flow of the sprinkler in units of flow as specified in the Project Tab Page. If Calculate Input OR Booster Pump Flow and Pressure is being used it is the minimum flow. If it is Calculate Discharge Flows for Given Input, it may be adjusted up or down depending on the entered pressure at the input point(s). If left blank, the program assumes the default above the column heading.

Minimum Flow – Hydrants/Standpipes

The required flow of the hydrant in units of flow as specified in the Project Tab Page. If Calculate Input OR Booster Pump Flow and Pressure is being used it is the minimum flow and if “Fixed” it remains constant and if “Variable” it may be increased.

If Calculate Discharge Flows for Given Input, and “Fixed” is specified, it remains constant, but if Variable” it may be adjusted up or down depending on the entered pressure at the input point(s).) If left blank, the program assumes the default above the column heading.

Multiple Pipe Selection

When this check box is (selected) ticked a number of pipes can be collectively selected and then deleted. Multiple selection is made using the left mouse with the Shift or Ctrl key.

Multiple Similar Pipes Form

In this form multiple pipes can be quickly generated that are a copy of the pipe where the cursor is currently located.

The input items on the form are:

Number of Copies

Increment Pipes by

Increment Nodes by

Insert Similar Pipe Number – If this Check box is cleared the Similar To Pipe number is not entered on the copied pipes enabling the user to enter different lengths, diameters, etc. i.e. pipes are copied with the nominated pipe and node numbers only.

Start from

Pipe Number

Node A

Node B

These three editable fields allow the user to nominate the numbers for the first pipe copied.

image\ebx_-541746241.gif This button refreshes the pipe and node numbers of the copied pipes in the table

Below the start from panel is a three column table with the number of rows set by the Number of Pipes above. The columns are:

Pipe Number Node A Node B

These are the pipe numbers and node numbers of the newly generated pipes. If any of the pipe numbers are coloured red then there is a clash with an existing pipe which is an error. If any of the node numbers are coloured blue this is a warning that this node already exists.

At the foot of the form is three buttons:

image\ebx_1450392820.gif Cancels the multiple copy

image\ebx_1763790791.gif Help on this form

image\ebx_1030206434.gif Applies the multiple copy and inserts the extra pipes in the Pipes screen. If there is a red pipe in the table the pipes will not be copied as there would be a duplicate pipe

Node A and Node B

These are the node numbers assigned by the user to the nodes at either end of the pipe. A node must be entered wherever there is:

*an operating sprinkler

*a nozzle on a hose or hose reel

*a hydrant

*a fixed discharge

*an input point

*a junction of three or more pipes

*a point where a pipe changes size or material

Note that if there is a check valve in the pipe and check valve action is required the nodes must be in the order that will give flow when the check valve is open. Also if a pipe contains a booster pump or back flow preventer the nodes must be entered in the direction of flow. In all other cases they can be entered in any order.

Node Characteristics Report This report lists detailed information pertaining to each node in the network characterized according to whether it is a sprinkler, nozzle, Hydrant, reference or input point node. Units for each quantity are included in the column headings in accordance with the units selected on the Project Tab Page.

At the top of the table, for each input point the node number, demand and input pressure and elevation is listed.

In the Table:

For each operating sprinkler or nozzle node the following is listed:

Node Number

Node Type – Sprinkler or Nozzle

Calculated Flow

(entered) min Flow

Total Pressure

Normal Pressure – If velocity pressure is included (as requested on the Project Tab)

Elevation of the discharging sprinkler or nozzle

Entered values of k factor and pressure exponent.

For each operating hydrant node the following is listed:

Node Number

Node Type – Hydrant

Calculated Flow

(entered) min Flow

Total Pressure

Normal Pressure – If velocity pressure is included (as requested on the Project Tab)

(entered) Minimum Pressure required for the minimum Flow

(entered) Maximum Pressure allowed for the Hydrant.

Elevation of the discharging hydrant

For each fixed discharge the following is listed:

Node Number

Node Type – Hydrant

Calculated Flow

(entered) min Flow

Total Pressure

Normal Pressure – If velocity pressure is included (as requested on the Project Tab)

Elevation of the fixed discharge

For all other nodes, only the Total Pressure and elevation are listed.

If velocity pressure is included in the calculations, an extra column headed “Normal Pressure” is listed for Sprinklers and Nozzles.

Node number

The node numbers across the nth row of the GRID starting from the left hand side including sprinkler nodes and Main Pipe nodes.

Node Number of Input

The number of the input node where the required flow and pressure is required to be calculated. It is only required when the system has more than one input point.

Node Type

This flags a node as a:

*Sprinkler

*Hydrant

*Nozzle

*Fixed discharge

*Input point

The program will change the type to Grid if it has been entered in a grid. All other nodes in the system are referred to as reference points and the type is not entered (left blank).

The user can enter the type here and then the node will be added in the appropriate sprinkler, nozzle, input point or fixed discharge screen. Alternatively the user can add the node as a sprinkler, nozzle, etc., in the appropriate data entry screen, the program then flags the node here in the pipes data table. Similarly if a sprinkler, nozzle, etc., is deleted in one of the other screens the flag will be removed.

When a node is flagged as a particular type the program flags all occurrences of this node in the pipes table.

All nodes that are not sprinklers, nozzles, input points or fixed discharges, (i.e. not flagged) are added automatically (to save input data time) to the reference nodes screen. In the reference nodes screen the user then only has to enter the node elevation.

In this way nodes once specified on a pipe can never be inadvertently omitted, however pipes can still be inadvertently omitted so users must be ever vigilant in entering the pipes data in this way. For this reason it is better to use the GRID form of input wherever practical.

Nominal Pipe Diameters – Stainless Steel Tube

The following table list the nominal pipe diameters in mm and inches, stored in the program. The internal diameters are a function of the pressure and hence need to be entered in the USER DATA>Stainless Steel Tubing with an appropriate Pipe Code

Nominal sizes - tube outside diameter.

Metric SS Tube (mm)	3	6	8	10	12	14	15	16	18	20	22	25	28	30	32	38	50
Inch SS Tube (inch)	1/8	1/4	5/16	3/8	1/2			5/8		3/4	7/8	1			1 1/4	1 1/2	2

Number of main pipes

The number of each size main pipe. The total number on each form must equal the number of rows (entered above) less one.

Number of Pumps

If there are several pumps in parallel with the same characteristic, the number is entered here. The default is one pump. This can only be entered when curve is used to specify the pump characteristic. When 'n' pumps are entered, the flow available at any pump pressure is n times the corresponding flow for the entered curve.

Number of Rows

This is the total number of rows (range pipes). It fixes the individual totals of the Main Pipes Left, Right and Centre at this value minus one. e.g. for six rows there might be two 200mm and three 150mm main pipes Left and five 200mm Main Pipes Right.

Number of Sprinklers

The number of sprinklers on this pipe. Note, the number can be zero for range pipes.

Operating

Against each Sprinkler/Nozzle and Hydrant/standpipe, this checkbox allows the user to select discharges that are operating or not. Above the column heading is two buttons to Clear all (turn all discharges OFF) or Check All (turn all discharges ON. Hence for example all sprinklers can be entered and then various combinations of operating sprinklers can be selected and the program run to determine which are the most unfavourable and the most favourable. It has also been introduced to assist with selecting the operating sprinklers when downloading a data file fro Revit with the new ACADS-BSG program RHYENA.

Standard 90 deg Tee

This is the number and type of “Standard” 90 degree Tees on the current pipe, where “Standard” means most frequently used. The type is fixed for all pipe materials except HDPE pipes or Copper pipes in Mist systems. For these pipe materials there is a selection list which allows the user to nominate which Tee they want as the “Standard”.

This is to simplify the data input when there are primarily Tees to be entered. i.e. it saves using the Other Fittings column (which lists all the available fittings)

Where a selection is available:

If the “Standard” Tee is changed on any pipe then the program changes the “Standard” Tee on all pipes of the same material eg. all copper pipes. The current “No. Off” remains unchanged only the “Standard” fitting type is changed.